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CLXIII. In this quarter is presented to your view the Head of the Turning Engine, for the turning of Oval Work, Rose Work, and Swath Work, with other kind of Work not yet named, because not found out, for no Man hath yet sought out the depth of that Instrument, or what it can or is able to perform. It hath so many parts that I know not either how to describe or tell their use; only as in other Tools I shall give you what names each Member hath, if I be rightly informed.

The parts of the Turning Engine.

The Bow, which is a strong Steel Bow fastned to the middle part of the farther side of the Puppet; having a Gut String, and to the middle of it, in a Noose is fastned another strong Gut String with a Noose at the end of it.

The Moving Collar, is an Iron Collar fastned on a Center pin on the foreside of the Puppet; this moves between the Iron Shackle and the foreside of the Puppet; though properly the Collar is only the hole in which the Axis is set. The Neck of the Collar is that part under the Shackle.

The Socket in which the Collar is moved; some term it the Shackle round hole.

The Stop Screw, which is to take out when the hollow Axis moves in the moving Collar; else it holds them together that the Collar moves not.

The Hollow Axis, which is hollow, having a shoulder on it, on which is fixed all the Guids.

The Head, or Case, or Box, in which is contained the several Guides, which is hollow, and termed the hollow in the Puppet.

The great Diameter of the Guide.

The small Diameter of the Guide.

The Axis of the Guide.

The Center head.

The Button.

The String Pulley.

The Wheel Pulley, is the Pulley to which the String comes from the Treddle Wheel, called also the Pulley of the Axis.

The Treddle Wheel.

The Guide Pulley, this is slipped to any of the Guides, as the Work-man pleaseth; it is of Brass, having a Groove in the edge of it to receive the edge of the Guide, which turning together with the assistance of the strength of the Steel Bow, forces the Guide and the Hollow Axis, to move backwards; and then an edge Tool held to the work in the Mandrell screwed in the hollow Axis, will describe the same Figure on the work, as is on the outer edge of the Guide.

CLXIV. In the chief of this quarter is the figure of a Draw Knife, an Instrument used by both Carpenter and Turner; it is a Knife with two handles turned down to the edge, much like in form to Wet Glovers Fleshing Knives, when they use it, one and off the work is set against a Wall, and the other to his Breast, and then with both hands draws Chips off the work till it be brought to their shape, and then smooth it.

S. 3 such Draw Knives A. Handle O. born by Chippering.

In the Base of this square is placed a Book-binders Plow, or cutting Knife by which the leaves of Books are cut even and smooth. It consists of these parts.

The two Stocks, one having the Knife on it, the other movable by the turning of the Screw, which hath a Groove or square hollow in the sole of it.

The two square Staves.

The Screw and Handle to turn it.

The Knife, which is held to the sole of the Stock by an Iron Pin.

The Iron Screw, and its Nut with Ears.

— From Randle Holme’s “The Academy of Armory, or, A Storehouse of Armory and Blazon” Book III, Chapter VIII, Plate 2. Why am I reading this

CLX. He beareth Sable, a Turners Chopping Block, Or. born by the name of Chopping. this Block is made of Elme tree, or some other Soft wood set on three feet. Some Turners use in stead of it a peece of a trunk of a tree of a foot and halfe high or more from the flore.

CLXI. In this Square are two Instruments usefull also for Turners, for their cuting and cleaving of wood to what thickness they have occasion to worke it.

The first is that in the Chief, which they terme a Cleaveing Knife, it needs no further description then the figure; being a kind of Cleaver, with a strong and thick back, able to abide blowes of the Maule: haveing an Handle of the same mettle.

S. 3 such in pale A. is born by Cleft, or Cleave.

G. 3 such erect A. born by Peysingberg.

In the Base is the other called a Maul, being no other but a thick peece of wood, with an Handle to make it the more handy and quick to use; which is to knock & unknock the Wedges of the Puppets. Also to beat on the Cleaveing Knife, when they split their wood for their worke. Use hath made it more ready then a Mallet.

B. 3 such O. is born by the name of Maule.

V. a Cheveron betw: 3 such Handles erected O. is born by Van Maulselsheim of Bavaria.

CLXII. In such a small Lathe as this Figure expresseth, they use to work small work in Metal; it is made either of Iron or Brass; and is by Work-men termed a Turn-Bench, or rather a Vice Lathe, because when it is used, it is Screwed into the Chaps of a Vice, and having fitted the Work upon a small Iron Axis with a Drill Barrel fitted upon a square shank; with a Drill Bow and String carry it about with the Drill Bow in the left hand, and the Tool in the right hand: The Tools for these small Works are commonly a Graver, and sometimes a Scalper, both pointed, round, and flat; also great and small.

The parts of a Turn-Bench, or Vice Lathe.

• The Axis.
• The Drill Barrel, fitted on its square Shank.
• The Drill Bow and String.
• The Wrest, with its Screw.
• The Puppets.
• The Screws with their Pikes.
• The long Bar, on which the Puppets are fastned by the Screws, or else are to slip further or nearer together, according as the work requireth.

— From Randle Holme’s “The Academy of Armory, or, A Storehouse of Armory and Blazon” Book III, Chapter VIII, Plate 2. Why am I reading this?

CLVI. In this quarter are three other sorts of Tools useful for Throwers both for smooth and Engine work.

The first is termed by the name of the two pointed Grooving Tool.

The second by the name of a Grooving Tool, or the sharp pointed Grooving Tool, or triangular pointed grooving Tool.

The third by the name of a Chissel, which is a Tool that follows the Gouge, making smooth the extuberancies and irregularities lying upon the work, which the Gouge hath left; from whence some term it the Smoothing Chissel: Both the Blade, Shank and Handle, are near twice the length. of those used by Joyners for the reasons aforesaid.

CLVII. In this Square are three other Tools used by the same manuall occupation, which by Artists are term-thus

The first is called a Square Hook

The Second is termed an Hook, Now as the Gouge and Chissel is used to work that which lyeth before the workman: So this tool, and the precedent, are used to work that as stands on the right, or left side of the workman, as the flat sides of Boards, which must be turned unto, and upon.

The third is termed a Chissel, or a Flat Chissel, for it is to be noted, that the edge of all Turners Chissels are Basiled away on both sides, so that the edge lyeth in the middle of the tool. Of these flat Tools there are severall sorts, from a quarter of an Inch broad, to one two or three Inches broad, according to the largness of the Work to be done

CLVIII. In this quarter is also three other Throwers, or Turners tools. The first whereof is a Gouge, or a Grooveing Gouge, with the Blade bended.

The Second is named a Hook, but is of an other fashion then the other in numb: 157. that being in a maner round, and this not above a quarter round, with the tip end a small thing bent.

The third hath the Denomination of a Throwers Round Gouge, or Groove Gouge.

All these sorts of Chissels, Gouges, Hooks, &c. used by Throers or Turners. I have caused to be engraven here, more to shew their fashion, then any use I have observed or seen them in Honorable Arms; therefore cannot say much for them, either pro or con.

CLIX. This Instrument is used by some Turners, and called a Drill-Bench, being only a board about two Inches thick, with two Stiles placed upright upon it, in the hither-most Stile is a Collar, and in the further Stile is a peece of Steele with a Center hole in the middle of it. Between is a Rowler which hath a Steele pin, and a Piercer-bit fastned therein. When it is used it is made fast in the Cheeks of the Lathe with a wedge as the Puppets are. This Drill is for the turning or boreing of an hole in wood of what length they please.

The Drill board.

• The Stiles, or Standing peeces.
• The Coller, is the hole in the hither-most Stile.
• The Square flat Steele, with it center hole in.
• The Rowler, with its Axis.
• The Steele pin. and Piercer bit at the end.
• The Iron Coller, at the bottom of the Board.
• The Wedge, to fasten it to the Lathe Cheeks.

— From Randle Holme’s “The Academy of Armory, or, A Storehouse of Armory and Blazon” Book III, Chapter VIII, Plate 2. Why am I reading this?

CLIV. In this square are five sorts of Turners Tools, useful in their way of Turning either of soft or hard work, round or hollow, whose names are Gouges in general, but more particular.

The first is termed a Grooving Hook, or a single pointed Grooving Hook, or the Point Grooving Hook; this cuts on the side or flat of a Board a fine hollow circle or swage; these Hooks or Tools have their Teeth of different forms according to the fashion of the groove to be made on the plain of a Board; for sometimes their Teeth are flat edged, sometimes round edged, sometimes a point only, and sometimes two points, or of other forms; all which sorts of Blades are made much stronger than the Gouge or Chissel, and have the sides of their edges more obtuse to make it the stronger; also they are 10 or 12 inches long without the Handle.

The second is called a Gouge; now Gouges do the Office in Turning (as a Fore-Plain in Joynery, and the Jack-Plain in Carpentry) they serve only to take off the Irregularities the Hatchet, or sometimes the Draw Knife leaves after the work is Hewed or drawn pretty near the round; and that it may commodiously do it, the Blade is formed about half round in the edge, and the two extream ends is a little sloped off: They are in their Blades of a long Size, with long Handles (as all other Turning Tools are so long, that the Handles may reach (when they use them) under the Arm-pit of the Workman) that he may have more stay, and steadily manage them. The Blade of the Gouge is of several Sizes both for length and breadth, some as long as the Shank, others shorter, even from an inch to 3, 4, or 5 inches in the length; and from a quarter of an inch to a whole Inch; and sometimes for very large work two inches over: Most Gouges have in them these several parts, as in other Joyners Chissels and Gouges.

• The Basil, is that part as is ground to an edge.
• The Blade, the roundish part above the Basil.
• The Shank, the long Iron Stail.
• The Shoulder, that as the Haft rest upon.
• The Tang, that part as goes into the Haft.
• The Haft, the Wooden handle.
• The Hoop or Brass about the bottom of the Haft.

The third is named a Grooving Hook or Tool; or the Triangular (or three Tooth) Grooving Hook.

The fourth is termed a round edge Grooving Hook.

The fifth is called the three pointed grooving Tool.

→ All these Tools when born in Arms are to have the edge or Basil, or working part erected, because they are so in their proper place; if otherwise, then to be mentioned, either reversed, dejected, &c.

— From Randle Holme’s “The Academy of Armory, or, A Storehouse of Armory and Blazon” Book III, Chapter VIII, Plate 2. Why am I reading this?