CLIV. In this square are five sorts of Turners Tools, useful in their way of Turning either of soft or hard work, round or hollow, whose names are Gouges in general, but more particular.
The first is termed a Grooving Hook, or a single pointed Grooving Hook, or the Point Grooving Hook; this cuts on the side or flat of a Board a fine hollow circle or swage; these Hooks or Tools have their Teeth of different forms according to the fashion of the groove to be made on the plain of a Board; for sometimes their Teeth are flat edged, sometimes round edged, sometimes a point only, and sometimes two points, or of other forms; all which sorts of Blades are made much stronger than the Gouge or Chissel, and have the sides of their edges more obtuse to make it the stronger; also they are 10 or 12 inches long without the Handle.
The second is called a Gouge; now Gouges do the Office in Turning (as a Fore-Plain in Joynery, and the Jack-Plain in Carpentry) they serve only to take off the Irregularities the Hatchet, or sometimes the Draw Knife leaves after the work is Hewed or drawn pretty near the round; and that it may commodiously do it, the Blade is formed about half round in the edge, and the two extream ends is a little sloped off: They are in their Blades of a long Size, with long Handles (as all other Turning Tools are so long, that the Handles may reach (when they use them) under the Arm-pit of the Workman) that he may have more stay, and steadily manage them. The Blade of the Gouge is of several Sizes both for length and breadth, some as long as the Shank, others shorter, even from an inch to 3, 4, or 5 inches in the length; and from a quarter of an inch to a whole Inch; and sometimes for very large work two inches over: Most Gouges have in them these several parts, as in other Joyners Chissels and Gouges.
The Basil, is that part as is ground to an edge.
The Blade, the roundish part above the Basil.
The Shank, the long Iron Stail.
The Shoulder, that as the Haft rest upon.
The Tang, that part as goes into the Haft.
The Haft, the Wooden handle.
The Hoop or Brass about the bottom of the Haft.
The third is named a Grooving Hook or Tool; or the Triangular (or three Tooth) Grooving Hook.
The fourth is termed a round edge Grooving Hook.
The fifth is called the three pointed grooving Tool.
→ All these Tools when born in Arms are to have the edge or Basil, or working part erected, because they are so in their proper place; if otherwise, then to be mentioned, either reversed, dejected, &c.
— From Randle Holme’s “The Academy of Armory, or, A Storehouse of Armory and Blazon” Book III, Chapter VIII, Plate 2.Why am I reading this?
CLII. There are several sorts of fashioned Collars, of which these two in this quarter are apart. The first on the dexter side is termed a Round Collar, so called from the roundness of the head of it, it is to be fastned in a Lathe by a Wedge as the Puppets are under the Cheeks; Hollow Mandrels are often turned in the Collars of this form, but then the Spindle is made of Iron, and hath a Screw just at its end, upon which is screwed a Block with a hollow in it, made fit to receive the Stuff to be worked upon.
The second in this quarter hath the simple name of a Collar, without any other Addition, except you call it a Turners Collar, to distinguish it from other things termed Collars. It is also made fast in a Lathe by a Wedge, as the former is to be.
CLIII. This is termed by Turners, a Joynt Collar which is made of two Iron Cheeks, which move upon a Joynt with a Button, so that they may be set close or open, like a Joynt rule; on the inner edge of each Cheek is formed as many semi-circles or half round holes as the length of the Cheeks will conveniently bear, they are made of different Diameters that they may fit the necks or shanks of different sized Mandrels. Near to the top of one of these Cheeks is fastned with a center pin, a square Iron Collar with a small handle or button to it, which is to put it on and take it off the Cheeks when they are to be opened. This holds them so fast together that they cannot start asunder, and yet is made so fit that it may easily slip off and on. In this Instrument there are these parts.
The Cheeks,
The Joynt at the bottom.
The Semi-circles in the Cheeks.
The Diameters, circumferences or round holes in which the Cheeks are closed.
The square Collar that holds the Cheeks together.
The Handle, by which the said Collar is taken off or put on.
The Center pin, on which the square Collar turns.
— From Randle Holme’s “The Academy of Armory, or, A Storehouse of Armory and Blazon” Book III, Chapter VIII, Plate 2.Why am I reading this?
CLI. In the chief is another sort of Mandrel called a Pin Mandrell. This is made with a long Wooden shank, to fit stiff into a round hole that is made in the Work that is to be Turned. These are also termed Shank Mandrels; which Mandrels with Iron Shanks are much used by Turners that turn Bobbins and such like Work; because a Wooden shank to fit the small hole through the work, would not be strong enough to carry the work about.
There is another Mandrell called an Hollow Mandrel, it is both hollow, and used to turn hollow things in it: It hath but one center hole belonging to it, which is at the Rowler end or Neck, but it hath a shank that supplies the office of another Center hole, which is put into one of the holes of the Joint Collar, described in numb. 153.
The second Instrument in this quarter is termed a Sweepe, or a Mathematical instrument called a Sweep.
It is a long Bar of Iron, and is termed the Beam of the Sweep, which hath in the center point of it (in a Center hole, made in a square Stud of Metal) a center fixed; also a Socket to ride on the Beam, which is removed at pleasure, nearer or farther from the Center; to this is Filed a Tooth of Steel with such roundings and hollows in the bottom of it, as is intended there shall be hollows or rounding in the work; then removing the Socket till it Tooth stand upon the intended place, on the Verge of the work, is there screwed fast on the Beam, it is prepared for the work, which if the Workman hold the head of the Center in his left hand, and with his right draw about the Beam and Tooth, it will cut and tear away great Flakes of Metal, till the thing worked upon hath received the whole form of Mouldings the Tooth will make.
The same Instrument with a Moulding Plain fixed on it, will do the same work on Wood, making round Mouldings.
— From Randle Holme’s “The Academy of Armory, or, A Storehouse of Armory and Blazon” Book III, Chapter VIII, Plate 2.Why am I reading this?
CL. Turners have several sorts of Mandrels, and the sizes of them also differ, according to the sizes of the Work; however their Names are, yet their principal fashions are these.
The first and principal is that as lyeth in the Base, which is termed the Broad Flat Mandrel; it is set on the broad side with 3 or 4 Iron pins or pegs, near to the Verge of it flat; these are used to be fastned into the backside of a Board while the other is turning or working upon: Behind the back of this flat (and indeed in all Mandrels) is fitted a long shank or Rowler, for the String to be wound about while the Work is Turning. In the Mandrel are these parts. The Face, or round Flat of the Mandrel. The Rowler or Shank. The Shoulder of the Rowler, to keep the String from slipping off. The Pegs, or Points, or Pikes. B. 3 such in Pale O. the middle having the Pike contrary pointed S. born by the name of Mandrell.
The second is that in the chief, which is termed the Screw Mandrell, the shank or screw is made of Iron having the two ends round, and in the middle between the round ends a square the length of the Rowler, and this square is fitted stiff into a square hole made through the middle of the Rowler that it turn not about. In each flat end of this Shank or Spindle is made a center hole, whereinto the Pikes of the Puppets are pitcht when this Mandrell is used. By this several Screws of diverse Diameters are made; that next the end of the shank is the smallest, which makes a Male screw of the finest Thread; the next aMale screw of a courser Thread; and the third makes a Screw courser than it; so that you may make the shank as long as you will, thereby to make more variety of sizes for screws.
The Sockets or Chocks belonging to the Screw Mandrels, are so many as there are several sizes of screws on the Shank; these hollow Sockets have female screws in them made before the Notch to slip over the male Screw; which being fitted one to another, are pinned with a pin, put through two opposite holes made for that purpose in the Cheeks of the Wooden Sockets that it shake not. The parts of a Socket are these. The Socket or Chock. The Wooden pin. The Stay. The Notch to slip over the Male Screw.
— From Randle Holme’s “The Academy of Armory, or, A Storehouse of Armory and Blazon” Book III, Chapter VIII, Plate 2.Why am I reading this?
12. AS There are different Matters, and Substances to be Turned, so there is also diverse ways, & different Tooles to be used in each different Matter; As Soft wood, Hard wood, Ivory, Brass, Iron, &c. Each of which I shall successively discourse upon each of their working Tooles.
CXLIX*. The Lathe, it is the Turners or Throers Engine, by which they make all their Turned Works. This Machine Instrument is so vulgarly known, though it cannot be described in a Draught so as all its parts shall appear at one single view, yet I have set down enough of it to give you the names of its several members and their uses.
Parts of a Lathe.
The Leggs, or Stiles, are two thick Square peeces of timber about 3 Foot long, and 6 Inches broad, which are set upright, to them the other parts by mortesses are fastned; Haveing Braces at the bottom by which they are fastned to the floore.
The Cheeks, or Sides, are the two side peeces, fastned on each side the Leggs at the upper end by Tennants and so pinned; or else by a strong Iron Screw, made with a square Shank at the head, to go through the Cheeks and Stiles, and so by turning on the end of it an Iron nut, the two Cheekes will be drawn close to the tennants, or upper ends of the leggs.
The Puppets, are the square peeces of wood rounded of at the head, which have the Pikes, or Iron Pinns in, upon which the work is turned. At the lower end each hath a Tennant to slid between the two Cheeks, with a Mortess throwe them, for to put Taper wedges to keep the Puppets close to the Cheeks.
The Screw, and the Pike, are the two Irons upon the points whereof the centers of the works are fixed, & after screwed hard that the work slip not off. The Screw hath a Nut in the Puppet, and an Iron handle fited into the hinder end of the Screw by which it is turned forwards and backwards as the use of it shall require.
The Rest, is a Square peece of timber one corner of it rounded off: upon this the workman layeth his tooles in working to keep them stiddy while he is useing them.
The Stays for the Rest, are two peeces of wood fitted and fastned under the Shoulders of the Puppets, upon these the Rest is set at any distance from the Pikes, by the meanes of Wooden Screws set in wooden Nuts against the Rest.
The Side Rest, is a Rest disjunct from the Lathe, and used by Turners when they turn the flat sides of Boards, which standing athwart the Pikes they can the more conveniently rest their Tools upon it. It is a peece of Oaken plank firmely nailed on a square peece of timber standing upright, which as a tennant slideth into an Iron Collar that reacheth through the Cheeks and is wedged under as the Puppets are.
Some Turners to the square tennant set on one end of it a long round Iron Cilindrick Socket, into it is put a long round Iron Shank, on the top whereof is made the Side Rest which turneth any way in the Socket, and kept fast therein by a Screw Pin going through the side of the Socket.
The Treddle, and Cross Treddle, are peeces of Timber which are nailed to the ground with a Leather that they may rise and fall, to the other end is the String fixed which goeth to the Pole.
The Pole, is a peece of timber that will bend and go to it place againe, by this the worke is turned about in the Lathe.
The Pole Rests, are Sparrs or other timber nailed to the top of the Seiling, with an overthwart peece from them on which the Pole playeth.
The Rowler, is a round peece of wood made use of when the Rome is not high enough for a Pole to play up and down. It is moved on two Iron Pins fastned at both ends, with a Pole set either before, or behind the Lathe, with a string from it to the Rowler.
The Bow, which is an Archers Bow, and is used by some Turners that work in small, and that seldom remove the Puppets of their Lathe. It is fastned over head and from the midle of the String another hangs down & comes to the Treddle
The Great Wheel, it is used when heavy worke is to be turned, such as the Pole and Treddle will not command. The Wheel is set in a moveable Frame consisting of wooden Standards, Lying, Overthwart, & Cross peeces mortessed together. The String lyeth in the Grove of the wheel and turned cross is put into a Grove of the worke, or a Mandrileor Pulley fixed to the side of the worke, and is turned about with one or two Iron Handles.
The Treddle Wheel, is a wheel made of a Board with a grove in for a string, which goes cross to the grove in the worke. It is under the Lathe on an Iron Axis with a Crooke at one end, on it is hung the noose of a Leather thong, and the other end fastned to the Treddle, which by exact treading on, carryeth the wheel about without intermission.
The String, it is made of the Guts of Beasts as sheep &c. though the generall name of it is Cats-Guts.
The Seat of the Lathe, it is made of wooden Bearers, with an overthwart peece, with Iron pins at the ends to fasten it: against this the workman supports himselfe to stand the stiddier to his worke. In the sted of this Seat some Turners make use of a strong Gerth web, fastned to the Leggs of the Lathe, against which he stays himselfe and keep him steddy at his work.
The Horn, is the tip end of an Horn, hung on the outside the puppet, or else a round Wooden Box, pinned under the Cheek to hold, oyle or grease in, to liquour the centers of his work to make it run easie.
— From Randle Holme’s “The Academy of Armory, or, A Storehouse of Armory and Blazon” Book III, Chapter VIII, Plate 2.Why am I reading this?
