The following is excerpted from “Shaker Inspiration,” by Christian Becksvoort.
There is a misconception among some woodworkers that working with hand tools only is better, or downright holy, while power tools are pedestrian, not real woodworking, and should be avoided. Not so. It depends on what your aim is. Is this a hobby, or are you doing this for a living? (More on this in Chapter 8.) I think that the British craftsman, professor and philosopher David Pye best puts it in more understandable terms. There is a sharp distinction between what he calls the “manufacture of risk” and the “manufacture of certainty.” The manufacture of risk means that a tool, guided by hand, whether powered or not, introduces risk. It is totally dependent on the skill of the user. On the other hand, the manufacture of certainty guarantees an identical outcome each time. When I carve cherry chair seats, I use an electric grinder with carbide cutters. The depth, proportion, shape and symmetry of the seat are determined by my hand-eye coordination. One slip and the seat is toast. Using a scorp is also the manufacture of risk, only slower, with less chance of making a major mistake.
To all you smug woodworkers out there: Not all hand-tool work involves risk. Some actually involves the manufacture of certainty; the results are guaranteed to be identical, each time. When using a straightedge and knife to make a cut, the cut will be straight every time (unless you let go of the straightedge). There are even folks making hand-cut dovetails and using clamp-on, magnetic dovetail guides. Come on, who are you fooling? Each cut is pre-determined and will be identical. Where is the fun and skill in that? Freehand is cheaper – no jigs, templates or gadgets. That’s where skill and practice lead to craftsmanship. Dovetail jigs are merely a crutch.
I think that one of the best examples is carving. There are still lots of carvers who use traditional carving chisels. All hand work – the manufacture of risk. However, more and more carvers, especially in the competitive world of bird carving, are using electric hand carvers, wheels, burrs and diamond bits. It’s still hand guided, and one slip results in disaster – also clearly the manufacture of risk. The source of power, be it muscle or electric, is inconsequential. I couldn’t run my business without my jointer, planer, drill press, lathe (although I used to turn knobs on the drill press before I acquired a lathe), mortiser or table saw. Ripping 40′ (12.2m) of cherry moulding with a handsaw is not my idea of a good time, therapy or craftsmanship. To me, that’s monkey work. If you get off on that, more power to you.
So what makes craftsmanship special? I maintain that it is evidence of the human hand. Yes, there will be mistakes. No one is 100-percent perfect (that’s why I own a SawStop). The Navajos professed that there is no such thing as perfect work, and all their rugs and pottery had an asymmetrical error of one sort or another. I’ve never turned out a perfect piece, yet I strive for perfection each time I come into the shop. What constitutes evidence of the human hand? Small mistakes, certainly. But they have to be nearly invisible. Large mistakes are just another growth and learning opportunity. They need to be fixed, rectified or replaced. Examples of the human hand? Hand-carved letters will never be as perfect as routed ones, but they are by far more elegant. Chair spindles, tapered with block plane or spokeshave, reveal minute facets but appear round. Chair seats, carved with grinder or scorp, will always have slight irregularities. Hopefully, they’re not noticeable, but they are present. Pins or through-tenons that are trimmed with a chisel are not perfect. I’ve even had the surprising pleasure of restoring a Shaker desk only to discover that the tenons were slightly chamfered, hidden inside of a mortise. That, ladies and gentlemen, is craftsmanship.
A few random thoughts on tools in general. Buy the best, and buy only once. Early in my career, I had a set of those blue-handled chisels, six for $39. When I started working full-time, banging dovetails all day, I discovered that I had to re-sharpen at least once or twice a day. At the end of a few weeks, that’s four to five wasted hours (I got to be really good at freehand sharpening, though). Even at a reliably low per hour shop rate, at the end of two weeks I could save enough to afford a set of Lie-Nielsen Toolworks chisels. Now I can do two or three large cherry case pieces before having to pull out the waterstones. What about used and antique tools? Those can be a real find and a real bargain. On the other hand, if it takes two or three days of shop time to fix, restore and tune a bargain plane to get the rust pits out, it might be better time-wise to buy new. If you enjoy fixing tools that’s one thing, but if you’d rather spend time working wood, then choose the other option.
It has also been my observation that a skilled craftsman with minimal and humble tools can do a much better job than someone with no or minimal skills and great tools. It’s all in how your implements are used. I recall that when Brian Boggs started making chairs, he cut his mortises with a sharpened screwdriver. His chairs were, and still are, masterpieces. Incidentally, he’s the only woodworker I’ve bought furniture from. His chairs are the perfect combination of thoughtful design, ergonomics and meticulous craftsmanship.
CNC & 3D Printing
It seems that our world is awash in consumer glut. Gadgets, products and devices that were once considered luxuries are today available to the masses. Decades ago, portable phones were naught but a pipe dream. Now, two-thirds of the population on this planet use and enjoy them. And in two years, they will be obsolete and need replacement. Mass production, on a scale never imaginable, has made it all possible. I agree that every human should be able to live a satisfying life, but where does it end? Walk into a big box store, and most everything you see there will be in the landfill in about five years. Is that sustainable?
Where exactly does craftsmanship end and mass production start? Anything perfectly reproducible, be it one, 10 or a million copies, is mass production. That’s where I see 3D printers. Some schools used to have craft areas, but now the latest is a “maker space.” Many of these don’t actually let you make anything; instead gadgets can be re-built or re-purposed, and the latest widgets are spit out by a 3D printer. Granted, the future of 3D printing is unfathomable, especially in science, medicine and machinery. But in crafts? Yes, coding and programming are skills, but you are not making an object. Press a button and the machine makes the object. Is that craft? The same can be said for CNC production. Every piece perfect. Every piece identical. It’s the ultimate manufacture of certainty. It’s just the ticket if you’re making kitchen cabinets, or have a line of furniture that you want to sell, but not make. Every piece identical, with no sign of the human hand. Just mass-produced. Is that why we are woodworkers? Is that what craft is evolving into? I suppose the same gripe was aired when Linotype machines cast lead letters as you typed. Who remembers Linotype? We’ll see where it all leads us.
One place that it’s led us: The word “custom” is now completely meaningless. You order your new Mercedes, in that beautiful metallic pearl color, with the engine size you specify, the sound system that you desire and a few other trendy options. That’s custom, right? Yup – there are 2,384 cars identical to your baby out on the road. In a world of increasing conformity, however, I think there will always be a perceptive and discriminating few who will in fact value the individually handcrafted piece. In my business at least, I know most of my clients value having something handmade, by me, that no one else has. They appreciate the finer things: art and craft. Let’s face it – only one person (or institution) can have the original “Mona Lisa,” but anyone can have a print. What’s the difference? You decide.
Please note that I’m not bad-mouthing mass-production. All of humanity needs a place to sit, a table to eat at and a bed to sleep in. Individually built furniture will never fill that need. The axe I’m grinding concerns those folks who buy pre-turned chair legs, pre-turned spindles, have their chair seats CNC-carved, then have the whole thing assembled by a minimum-wage employee, and sell the finished product as a “handcrafted” chair. Does that pass your straight face test? Is that your definition of craftsmanship?
In the long run, you decide what type of business you’ll operate, and exactly how you’ll make it work. And consumers will decide what they want to purchase: a big screen TV or a hand-made cabinet.
For my part, I found Shaker Inspiration one of the most, well, inspiring books ey from the LAP imprint, both for what it has to say, and to show, but also because Christian Becksvoort not only includes excellent sketches from which the pieces discussed in the book can be built, but expressly says “go on, be my guest, build’em!”. There are several pieces of furniture in that book on my shortlist of stuff I want to try my hand at, one day.
Cheers,
Mattias
Great read, thanks for that. I used to comment to my customers that found mistakes in my work with “I am glad you found that, now you know it is hand made and you are the only one that has it”…
I watch YouTube videos of people making their own tools such as planes, chisels, saws etc. Also harvesting their own wood. We all choose somewhere between such basic craftsmanship and using CNC routers and printers. As a hobbyist I set my own standards and the means to accomplish them. If I cannot saw a straight line then to the table saw, if I get tired planing wood then the electric plane helps out. I am not going to use a pole lathe when my electric one is much easier – for me.
A great insightful piece of writing. Thanks for sharing this with us.
Great article.
All of those things are relative to how you work, physical stature, and ability. It also depends on how you must work. Projects driven by deadlines and profit have their own unique considerations.
I am a hobbyist woodworker, so I don’t mind getting into the “slow” of the work. Speeding through everything is not my goal.
Now, besides buying a tool for its stated purpose, I make my decision based on ergonomics, styling, cuteness (yes, I do), weight, and size.
That’s my philosophy and it’s worked for me 99.9% of the time. Today, I can find a tool in the weight and size compatible to my work style in my mainly hand tool shop, a very small one.
As a result, I have the ability to accomplish my work without damaging my body and joints. For me that is the bottom line.
Excellent article
Define “mistake.” Deviation from what exactly as baseline? If “perfect” is soulless, what business do we have calling it perfect? 😉 Makes me want to reread “Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance.”
You overestimate my skill if you think that a magnetic dovetail jig makes each one perfect with no variation.
I find it interesting when people speak of power tools vs. hand tools it’s usually large floor machines or CNCs vs. chisel. There are a lot of woodworkers using “hand held” power tools like track saws, dominoes, fien tools, arbortech grinders, etc. to make stuff. These also require skills to master and do incredible things. These tools are constantly being improved upon or reinvented. Maybe this could be the future of woodworking…
While we would like to profess that our work is by ‘manufacture of/by risk’, the lions share of the implements we use in our woodworking are by ‘manufacture of/y certainty’.
You took my “rant” out of my mouth! I’ve been thinking about “woodworking” and wood “manufacturing,” for the past few days. In my world (mind,) using power tools to shape things is a conundrum, time & efficiency vs craftsmanship.
I’m not the most accomplished woodworker I know, but i do put a fair share of craftsmanship into things. I build cigar box guitars in my shop, and on requests, I hand shape the neck via spoke shave, rasps, files, planes and sandpaper. I get my results by “feel,” and use temples to check if I’m right. Can’t do that with a shaper/router. Now if I was planning to run off a thousand or so… You bet I would be purchasing all sorts of CAD equipment for production!
I do use a power tool or three to complete other projects, but I still incorporate hand tools in almost every project.
When I see this sort of argument, I think of the difference between painting and photography. Painting is a hand-tool craft, and photography is a machine craft, but both involve elements of risk and certainty. Both can be used to create beautiful works of art.
To me, 3d-printing is like photography. While I’ve only dabbled a little with it, my experience says it is a machine craft involving elements of risk and certainty. When heated to printing temperatures, plastic is a living material that doesn’t always behave as expected. Good craftsmen who use 3d printers have an intuitive sense of what settings and designs produce results, and they gain that knowledge through experimentation and failure. To say the process is mechanical or foolproof doesn’t fit my experience at all. Yes, you can sometimes take a decent photo or print an okay object without any deep understanding, but you can also learn the craft and make art.
I’m also enthusiastic about 3d-printing because it’s the opposite of mass production, in my opinion. While you can download and print an object without much thought, having small-batch manufacturing capability in your home invites experimentation and customization. It encourages flexibility and design thinking. Compare that to walking into a store and buying something, where you are an utterly passive consumer of the manufacturing process.
Not every 3d printer will be used to make art, but 3d printers will be used to make art by someone.
Jig or no jig I support whatever gets people interested and into the shop. The lines are wonderfully blurry. Roy Underhill, for example, forbids and confiscates the type of beautiful dovetail guides that Christian uses and sells.
THANKS! Now you made me feel guilty that I bought a SHAPER ORIGIN and FESTOOL DOMINO but I am older and have less time left than most and I have so so many projects I want to make
Does that make sense?
“CNC production. Every piece perfect. Every piece identical.”
Missing the point of CNC.
Every piece can be different – the skill is in the programming. I have had CNC in my business shop for many years and have produced thousands of custom made items for customers – no 2 the same.